Home › Steel Profiles › W-shapes W-Shapes — American Wide-Flange Beam Chart ASTM A6 / AISC Steel Construction Manual dimensions and section properties
American W-shapes are designated by nominal depth and weight: a W8x31 is nominally 8 inches deep and weighs 31 pounds per foot. This chart covers the 208 most-used beam sizes from W4x13 to W44x335, grouped by depth. Every size links to a full datasheet with metric conversions, bar weights, and a worked deflection example.
Within a depth group, heavier shapes have thicker webs and flanges (and often slightly deeper sections) — stiffness rises much faster than weight, so stepping up within the group is usually the cheapest fix for a deflection problem. Missing a value? The beam calculator handles any span and load, and the weight calculator covers custom sections and 30+ alloys.
W4 series (W4x13 – W4x13) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W4x13 4.16 4.06 0.28 0.35 13 19.3 3.83 11.3 5.46 3.86
W5 series (W5x16 – W5x19) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W5x16 5.01 5 0.24 0.36 16 23.8 4.71 21.4 8.55 7.51 W5x19 5.15 5.03 0.27 0.43 19 28.3 5.56 26.3 10.2 9.13
W6 series (W6x9 – W6x25) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W6x9 5.9 3.94 0.17 0.22 9 13.4 2.68 16.4 5.56 2.2 W6x12 6.03 4 0.23 0.28 12 17.9 3.55 22.1 7.31 2.99 W6x15 5.99 5.99 0.23 0.26 15 22.3 4.43 29.1 9.72 9.32 W6x16 6.28 4.03 0.26 0.41 16 23.8 4.74 32.1 10.2 4.43 W6x20 6.2 6.02 0.26 0.37 20 29.8 5.87 41.4 13.4 13.3 W6x25 6.38 6.08 0.32 0.46 25 37.2 7.34 53.4 16.7 17.1
W8 series (W8x10 – W8x67) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W8x10 7.89 3.94 0.17 0.21 10 14.9 2.96 30.8 7.81 2.09 W8x13 7.99 4 0.23 0.26 13 19.3 3.84 39.6 9.91 2.73 W8x15 8.11 4.02 0.25 0.32 15 22.3 4.44 48 11.8 3.41 W8x18 8.14 5.25 0.23 0.33 18 26.8 5.26 61.9 15.2 7.97 W8x21 8.28 5.27 0.25 0.4 21 31.3 6.16 75.3 18.2 9.77 W8x24 7.93 6.5 0.25 0.4 24 35.7 7.08 82.7 20.9 18.3 W8x28 8.06 6.54 0.29 0.47 28 41.7 8.24 98 24.3 21.7 W8x31 8 8 0.29 0.44 31 46.1 9.13 110 27.5 37.1 W8x35 8.12 8.02 0.31 0.5 35 52.1 10.3 127 31.2 42.6 W8x40 8.25 8.07 0.36 0.56 40 59.5 11.7 146 35.5 49.1 W8x48 8.5 8.11 0.4 0.69 48 71.4 14.1 184 43.2 60.9 W8x58 8.75 8.22 0.51 0.81 58 86.3 17.1 228 52 75.1 W8x67 9 8.28 0.57 0.94 67 99.7 19.7 272 60.4 88.6
W10 series (W10x12 – W10x112) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W10x12 9.87 3.96 0.19 0.21 12 17.9 3.54 53.8 10.9 2.18 W10x15 9.99 4 0.23 0.27 15 22.3 4.41 68.9 13.8 2.89 W10x17 10.1 4.01 0.24 0.33 17 25.3 4.99 81.9 16.2 3.56 W10x19 10.2 4.02 0.25 0.4 19 28.3 5.62 96.3 18.8 4.29 W10x22 10.2 5.75 0.24 0.36 22 32.7 6.49 118 23.2 11.4 W10x26 10.3 5.77 0.26 0.44 26 38.7 7.61 144 27.9 14.1 W10x30 10.5 5.81 0.3 0.51 30 44.6 8.84 170 32.4 16.7 W10x33 9.73 7.96 0.29 0.44 33 49.1 9.71 171 35 36.6 W10x39 9.92 7.99 0.32 0.53 39 58 11.5 209 42.1 45 W10x45 10.1 8.02 0.35 0.62 45 67 13.3 248 49.1 53.4 W10x49 9.98 10 0.34 0.56 49 72.9 14.4 272 54.6 93.4 W10x54 10.1 10 0.37 0.62 54 80.4 15.8 303 60 103 W10x60 10.2 10.1 0.42 0.68 60 89.3 17.6 341 66.7 116 W10x68 10.4 10.1 0.47 0.77 68 101.2 20 394 75.7 134 W10x77 10.6 10.2 0.53 0.87 77 114.6 22.6 455 85.9 154 W10x88 10.8 10.3 0.61 0.99 88 131 25.9 534 98.5 179 W10x100 11.1 10.3 0.68 1.12 100 148.8 29.4 623 112 207 W10x112 11.4 10.4 0.76 1.25 112 166.7 32.9 716 126 236
W12 series (W12x14 – W12x336) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W12x14 11.9 3.97 0.2 0.23 14 20.8 4.16 88.6 14.9 2.36 W12x16 12 3.99 0.22 0.27 16 23.8 4.71 103 17.1 2.82 W12x19 12.2 4.01 0.24 0.35 19 28.3 5.57 130 21.3 3.76 W12x22 12.3 4.03 0.26 0.43 22 32.7 6.48 156 25.4 4.66 W12x26 12.2 6.49 0.23 0.38 26 38.7 7.65 204 33.4 17.3 W12x30 12.3 6.52 0.26 0.44 30 44.6 8.79 238 38.6 20.3 W12x35 12.5 6.56 0.3 0.52 35 52.1 10.3 285 45.6 24.5 W12x40 11.9 8.01 0.3 0.52 40 59.5 11.7 307 51.5 44.1 W12x45 12.1 8.05 0.34 0.58 45 67 13.1 348 57.7 50 W12x50 12.2 8.08 0.37 0.64 50 74.4 14.6 391 64.2 56.3 W12x53 12.1 10 0.35 0.58 53 78.9 15.6 425 70.6 95.8 W12x58 12.2 10 0.36 0.64 58 86.3 17 475 78 107 W12x65 12.1 12 0.39 0.61 65 96.7 19.1 533 87.9 174 W12x72 12.3 12 0.43 0.67 72 107.2 21.1 597 97.4 195 W12x79 12.4 12.1 0.47 0.74 79 117.6 23.2 662 107 216 W12x87 12.5 12.1 0.52 0.81 87 129.5 25.6 740 118 241 W12x96 12.7 12.2 0.55 0.9 96 142.9 28.2 833 131 270 W12x106 12.9 12.2 0.61 0.99 106 157.7 31.2 933 145 301 W12x120 13.1 12.3 0.71 1.11 120 178.6 35.2 1,070 163 345 W12x136 13.4 12.4 0.79 1.25 136 202.4 39.9 1,240 186 398 W12x152 13.7 12.5 0.87 1.4 152 226.2 44.7 1,430 209 454 W12x170 14 12.6 0.96 1.56 170 253 50 1,650 235 517 W12x190 14.4 12.7 1.06 1.74 190 282.8 56 1,890 263 589 W12x210 14.7 12.8 1.18 1.9 210 312.5 61.8 2,140 292 664 W12x230 15.1 12.9 1.29 2.07 230 342.3 67.7 2,420 321 742 W12x252 15.4 13 1.4 2.25 252 375 74 2,720 353 828 W12x279 15.9 13.1 1.53 2.47 279 415.2 81.9 3,110 393 937 W12x305 16.3 13.2 1.63 2.71 305 453.9 89.5 3,550 435 1,050 W12x336 16.8 13.4 1.78 2.96 336 500 98.9 4,060 483 1,190
W14 series (W14x22 – W14x730) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W14x22 13.7 5 0.23 0.34 22 32.7 6.49 199 29 7 W14x26 13.9 5.03 0.26 0.42 26 38.7 7.69 245 35.3 8.91 W14x30 13.8 6.73 0.27 0.39 30 44.6 8.85 291 42 19.6 W14x34 14 6.75 0.29 0.46 34 50.6 10 340 48.6 23.3 W14x38 14.1 6.77 0.31 0.52 38 56.6 11.2 385 54.6 26.7 W14x43 13.7 8 0.31 0.53 43 64 12.6 428 62.6 45.2 W14x48 13.8 8.03 0.34 0.6 48 71.4 14.1 484 70.2 51.4 W14x53 13.9 8.06 0.37 0.66 53 78.9 15.6 541 77.8 57.7 W14x61 13.9 10 0.38 0.65 61 90.8 17.9 640 92.1 107 W14x68 14 10 0.42 0.72 68 101.2 20 722 103 121 W14x74 14.2 10.1 0.45 0.79 74 110.1 21.8 795 112 134 W14x82 14.3 10.1 0.51 0.86 82 122 24 881 123 148 W14x90 14 14.5 0.44 0.71 90 133.9 26.5 999 143 362 W14x99 14.2 14.6 0.49 0.78 99 147.3 29.1 1,110 157 402 W14x109 14.3 14.6 0.53 0.86 109 162.2 32 1,240 173 447 W14x120 14.5 14.7 0.59 0.94 120 178.6 35.3 1,380 190 495 W14x132 14.7 14.7 0.65 1.03 132 196.4 38.8 1,530 209 548 W14x145 14.8 15.5 0.68 1.09 145 215.8 42.7 1,710 232 677 W14x159 15 15.6 0.75 1.19 159 236.6 46.7 1,900 254 748 W14x176 15.2 15.7 0.83 1.31 176 261.9 51.8 2,140 281 838 W14x193 15.5 15.7 0.89 1.44 193 287.2 56.8 2,400 310 931 W14x211 15.7 15.8 0.98 1.56 211 314 62 2,660 338 1,030 W14x233 16 15.9 1.07 1.72 233 346.8 68.5 3,010 375 1,150 W14x257 16.4 16 1.18 1.89 257 382.5 75.6 3,400 415 1,290 W14x283 16.7 16.1 1.29 2.07 283 421.2 83.3 3,840 459 1,440 W14x311 17.1 16.2 1.41 2.26 311 462.8 91.4 4,330 506 1,610 W14x342 17.5 16.4 1.54 2.47 342 509 101 4,900 559 1,810 W14x370 17.9 16.5 1.66 2.66 370 550.6 109 5,440 607 1,990 W14x398 18.3 16.6 1.77 2.85 398 592.3 117 6,000 656 2,170 W14x426 18.7 16.7 1.88 3.04 426 634 125 6,600 706 2,360 W14x455 19 16.8 2.02 3.21 455 677.1 134 7,190 756 2,560 W14x500 19.6 17 2.19 3.5 500 744.1 147 8,210 838 2,880 W14x550 20.2 17.2 2.38 3.82 550 818.5 162 9,430 931 3,250 W14x605 20.9 17.4 2.6 4.16 605 900.4 178 10,800 1,040 3,680 W14x665 21.6 17.7 2.83 4.52 665 989.7 196 12,400 1,150 4,170 W14x730 22.4 17.9 3.07 4.91 730 1,086.4 215 14,300 1,280 4,720
W16 series (W16x26 – W16x100) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W16x26 15.7 5.5 0.25 0.35 26 38.7 7.68 301 38.4 9.59 W16x31 15.9 5.53 0.28 0.44 31 46.1 9.13 375 47.2 12.4 W16x36 15.9 6.99 0.3 0.43 36 53.6 10.6 448 56.5 24.5 W16x40 16 7 0.31 0.51 40 59.5 11.8 518 64.7 28.9 W16x45 16.1 7.04 0.35 0.57 45 67 13.3 586 72.7 32.8 W16x50 16.3 7.07 0.38 0.63 50 74.4 14.7 659 81 37.2 W16x57 16.4 7.12 0.43 0.72 57 84.8 16.8 758 92.2 43.1 W16x67 16.3 10.2 0.4 0.67 67 99.7 19.6 954 117 119 W16x77 16.5 10.3 0.46 0.76 77 114.6 22.6 1,110 134 138 W16x89 16.8 10.4 0.53 0.88 89 132.4 26.2 1,300 155 163 W16x100 17 10.4 0.59 0.99 100 148.8 29.5 1,490 175 186
W18 series (W18x35 – W18x311) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W18x35 17.7 6 0.3 0.43 35 52.1 10.3 510 57.6 15.3 W18x40 17.9 6.02 0.32 0.53 40 59.5 11.8 612 68.4 19.1 W18x46 18.1 6.06 0.36 0.61 46 68.5 13.5 712 78.8 22.5 W18x50 18 7.5 0.36 0.57 50 74.4 14.7 800 88.9 40.1 W18x55 18.1 7.53 0.39 0.63 55 81.9 16.2 890 98.3 44.9 W18x60 18.2 7.56 0.42 0.7 60 89.3 17.6 984 108 50.1 W18x65 18.4 7.59 0.45 0.75 65 96.7 19.1 1,070 117 54.8 W18x71 18.5 7.64 0.5 0.81 71 105.7 20.9 1,170 127 60.3 W18x76 18.2 11 0.43 0.68 76 113.1 22.3 1,330 146 152 W18x86 18.4 11.1 0.48 0.77 86 128 25.3 1,530 166 175 W18x97 18.6 11.1 0.54 0.87 97 144.4 28.5 1,750 188 201 W18x106 18.7 11.2 0.59 0.94 106 157.7 31.1 1,910 204 220 W18x119 19 11.3 0.66 1.06 119 177.1 35.1 2,190 231 253 W18x130 19.3 11.2 0.67 1.2 130 193.5 38.3 2,460 256 278 W18x143 19.5 11.2 0.73 1.32 143 212.8 42 2,750 282 311 W18x158 19.7 11.3 0.81 1.44 158 235.1 46.3 3,060 310 347 W18x175 20 11.4 0.89 1.59 175 260.4 51.4 3,450 344 391 W18x192 20.4 11.5 0.96 1.75 192 285.7 56.2 3,870 380 440 W18x211 20.7 11.6 1.06 1.91 211 314 62.3 4,330 419 493 W18x234 21.1 11.7 1.16 2.11 234 348.2 68.6 4,900 466 558 W18x258 21.5 11.8 1.28 2.3 258 384 76 5,510 514 628 W18x283 21.9 11.9 1.4 2.5 283 421.2 83.3 6,170 565 704 W18x311 22.3 12 1.52 2.74 311 462.8 91.6 6,970 624 795
W21 series (W21x44 – W21x201) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W21x44 20.7 6.5 0.35 0.45 44 65.5 13 843 81.6 20.7 W21x50 20.8 6.53 0.38 0.54 50 74.4 14.7 984 94.5 24.9 W21x57 21.1 6.56 0.41 0.65 57 84.8 16.7 1,170 111 30.6 W21x62 21 8.24 0.4 0.62 62 92.3 18.3 1,330 127 57.5 W21x68 21.1 8.27 0.43 0.69 68 101.2 20 1,480 140 64.7 W21x73 21.2 8.3 0.46 0.74 73 108.6 21.5 1,600 151 70.6 W21x83 21.4 8.36 0.52 0.84 83 123.5 24.4 1,830 171 81.4 W21x93 21.6 8.42 0.58 0.93 93 138.4 27.3 2,070 192 92.9 W21x101 21.4 12.3 0.5 0.8 101 150.3 29.8 2,420 227 248 W21x111 21.5 12.3 0.55 0.88 111 165.2 32.6 2,670 249 274 W21x122 21.7 12.4 0.6 0.96 122 181.6 35.9 2,960 273 305 W21x132 21.8 12.4 0.65 1.04 132 196.4 38.8 3,220 295 333 W21x147 22.1 12.5 0.72 1.15 147 218.8 43.2 3,630 329 376 W21x166 22.5 12.4 0.75 1.36 166 247 48.8 4,280 380 435 W21x182 22.7 12.5 0.83 1.48 182 270.9 53.6 4,730 417 483 W21x201 23 12.6 0.91 1.63 201 299.1 59.3 5,310 461 542
W24 series (W24x55 – W24x250) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W24x55 23.6 7.01 0.4 0.51 55 81.9 16.2 1,350 114 29.1 W24x62 23.7 7.04 0.43 0.59 62 92.3 18.2 1,550 131 34.5 W24x68 23.7 8.97 0.42 0.59 68 101.2 20.1 1,830 154 70.4 W24x76 23.9 8.99 0.44 0.68 76 113.1 22.4 2,100 176 82.5 W24x84 24.1 9.02 0.47 0.77 84 125 24.7 2,370 196 94.4 W24x94 24.3 9.07 0.52 0.88 94 139.9 27.7 2,700 222 109 W24x104 24.1 12.8 0.5 0.75 104 154.8 30.7 3,100 258 259 W24x117 24.3 12.8 0.55 0.85 117 174.1 34.4 3,540 291 297 W24x131 24.5 12.9 0.61 0.96 131 195 38.6 4,020 329 340 W24x146 24.7 12.9 0.65 1.09 146 217.3 43 4,580 371 391 W24x162 25 13 0.71 1.22 162 241.1 47.8 5,170 414 443 W24x176 25.2 12.9 0.75 1.34 176 261.9 51.7 5,680 450 479 W24x192 25.5 13 0.81 1.46 192 285.7 56.5 6,260 491 530 W24x207 25.7 13 0.87 1.57 207 308.1 60.7 6,820 531 578 W24x229 26 13.1 0.96 1.73 229 340.8 67.2 7,650 588 651 W24x250 26.3 13.2 1.04 1.89 250 372.1 73.5 8,490 644 724
W27 series (W27x84 – W27x178) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W27x84 26.7 10 0.46 0.64 84 125 24.7 2,850 213 106 W27x94 26.9 10 0.49 0.75 94 139.9 27.6 3,270 243 124 W27x102 27.1 10 0.52 0.83 102 151.8 30 3,620 267 139 W27x114 27.3 10.1 0.57 0.93 114 169.7 33.6 4,080 299 159 W27x129 27.6 10 0.61 1.1 129 192 37.8 4,760 345 184 W27x146 27.4 14 0.61 0.98 146 217.3 43.2 5,660 414 443 W27x161 27.6 14 0.66 1.08 161 239.6 47.6 6,310 458 497 W27x178 27.8 14.1 0.73 1.19 178 264.9 52.5 7,020 505 555
W30 series (W30x90 – W30x148) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W30x90 29.5 10.4 0.47 0.61 90 133.9 26.3 3,610 245 115 W30x99 29.7 10.5 0.52 0.67 99 147.3 29 3,990 269 128 W30x108 29.8 10.5 0.55 0.76 108 160.7 31.7 4,470 299 146 W30x116 30 10.5 0.57 0.85 116 172.6 34.2 4,930 329 164 W30x124 30.2 10.5 0.59 0.93 124 184.5 36.5 5,360 355 181 W30x132 30.3 10.5 0.62 1 132 196.4 38.8 5,770 380 196 W30x148 30.7 10.5 0.65 1.18 148 220.3 43.6 6,680 436 227
W33 series (W33x118 – W33x169) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W33x118 32.9 11.5 0.55 0.74 118 175.6 34.7 5,900 359 187 W33x130 33.1 11.5 0.58 0.86 130 193.5 38.3 6,710 406 218 W33x141 33.3 11.5 0.61 0.96 141 209.8 41.5 7,450 448 246 W33x152 33.5 11.6 0.64 1.06 152 226.2 44.9 8,160 487 273 W33x169 33.8 11.5 0.67 1.22 169 251.5 49.5 9,290 549 310
W36 series (W36x135 – W36x232) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W36x135 35.6 12 0.6 0.79 135 200.9 39.9 7,800 439 225 W36x150 35.9 12 0.63 0.94 150 223.2 44.3 9,040 504 270 W36x160 36 12 0.65 1.02 160 238.1 47 9,760 542 295 W36x170 36.2 12 0.68 1.1 170 253 50 10,500 581 320 W36x182 36.3 12.1 0.73 1.18 182 270.9 53.6 11,300 623 347 W36x194 36.5 12.1 0.77 1.26 194 288.7 57 12,100 664 375 W36x210 36.7 12.2 0.83 1.36 210 312.5 61.8 13,200 719 411 W36x232 37.1 12.1 0.87 1.57 232 345.3 68.1 15,000 809 468
W40 series (W40x149 – W40x215) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W40x149 38.2 11.8 0.63 0.83 149 221.7 43.8 9,800 513 229 W40x167 38.6 11.8 0.65 1.03 167 248.5 49.3 11,600 600 283 W40x183 39 11.8 0.65 1.2 183 272.3 53.3 13,200 675 331 W40x199 38.7 15.8 0.65 1.07 199 296.2 58.8 14,900 770 695 W40x215 39 15.8 0.65 1.22 215 320 63.5 16,700 859 803
W44 series (W44x230 – W44x335) Shape d (in) bf (in) tw (in) tf (in) lb/ft kg/m A (in²) Ix (in⁴) Sx (in³) Iy (in⁴) W44x230 42.9 15.8 0.71 1.22 230 342.3 67.8 20,800 971 796 W44x262 43.3 15.8 0.79 1.42 262 389.9 77.2 24,100 1,110 923 W44x290 43.6 15.8 0.87 1.58 290 431.6 85.4 27,000 1,240 1,040 W44x335 44 15.9 1.03 1.77 335 498.5 98.5 31,100 1,410 1,200
Frequently asked questions What do W-shape designations like W8x31 mean? The first number is the nominal depth in inches, the second is the weight in pounds per foot: a W8x31 is nominally 8 in deep and weighs 31 lb/ft. The actual depth usually differs slightly from the nominal — a W8x31 is exactly 8.00 in deep, but a W8x67 is 9.00 in. Always design with the actual values from the table.
What is the difference between W-shapes and I-beams (S-shapes)? W-shapes (wide-flange) have essentially parallel flange faces and wider flanges, making them more efficient in bending and much easier to connect. S-shapes (American Standard beams) are the older profile with narrow, tapered flanges. Modern US construction uses W-shapes almost exclusively; S-shapes survive mainly in crane rails and replacements.
How do W-shapes compare to European IPE/HEA/HEB profiles? They serve the same role. Narrow-flange W-shapes (like W12x26) roughly correspond to IPE sections, and wide-flange ones (like W12x65, where flange width ≈ depth) to HEA/HEB. The standards differ in dimensions and tolerances, so sections are not interchangeable in a design — but our European profile tables let you compare values directly.
What steel grade are W-shapes made of? The standard grade for W-shapes in the US is ASTM A992 (Fy = 50 ksi, roughly the strength class of European S355). Older references assume A36 (Fy = 36 ksi) — worth checking when reusing legacy calculations. Section properties in this chart are geometric and apply to any grade.
Values are entered from the governing standard’s published tables and cross-checked programmatically against its mass and section formulas before publication. Spotted an error? Write to advertising@metalabout.net — verified corrections ship within days. About
